Stigmatization of people living with HIV (PLHIV) has really not been on the decline but rather making a fast progression as a result of the ineffectiveness of the Ghana Aids Comission (GAC) ACT 2015. People Living with HIV (PLHIV) feel treated with condemnation, low esteem and disgust by healthcare providers, the society and family while others however undergo self-stigmatization. In the recent National HIV & AIDS Research Conference (NHARCON) 2018 organized by GAC on 8th-11th May held at the Accra International Conference Centre (AICC), Nana Otuo Siriboe II, the chairman of the conference in his opening remarks stated that “As a traditional ruler, I have identified stigma as a major challenge in the response to HIV”. He then further pledged his personal support to use his office to help provide a positive response to HIV. HIV Patients can be discouraged from continuously visiting the pharmacy for their drugs because of perhaps stigmatization from the pharmacist, dispensing technician or any other healthcare providers. An account of a 52 year old patient has it that she decided to give up on her treatment process because she was being seen in the hospital as a street woman who betrayed her husband. This she felt labelled as a prostitute. In the Korlebu Teaching Hospital (KBTH), retro patients have a specialized pharmacy where they are the only ones attended to in order to shield them from public glare and also to be able to see to the already huge number of PLHIV seeking treatment. According to a Medical laboratory scientist at the Korle-Bu Fevers unit, the unit used to have a specialized private section for the rich and prestigious who visit for healthcare. This they do to protect their image. He however said that, such special service do not officially exit any more, however some rich patient still book for private sections with the Doctors on non-clinic days. Although massive awareness and education have been done over the years to reduce the stigma attached to the disease, people obviously still feel stigmatized to be identified with it. Three HIV infected patients who were interviewed on the issue of stigmatisation; Kojo, Kwame and Adwoa narrated respectively that, ‘’For me, I am aware of the stigmatization, however, for my condition it’s only my mother who knows about it and I do not talk about it to others. I have been living with the condition for the past 3 years. The medical doctor who attended to me, cautioned me not to tell anyone except for my mother who already knows. Even if I go to another hospital, I should not mention I have HIV infection but if the attending clinician found out himself, that’s okay’’. Asking about as to whether he has received any form of stigmatization from dispensers at the HIV treatment centre he said that ‘’So far, they have been good at their work and they interact well with us”. On the account of Kwame, he said ‘’ since I was diagnosed of the diseased condition, only my senior sister and mother is aware. No one else knows about my condition and so far I have not had any stigmatization encounter with the counsellors and dispensers here at Korle -Bu’’. ‘’Since I was diagnosed with the condition, Korle-Bu has been my treatment centre and I have not experienced any stigmatization problem with the dispensers. The only problem I have is with my grandchildren. I am always afraid to carry them because my perception posed such threat of transmission meanwhile I am aware touching does not transmit the infection, however, I am afraid. Maybe it’s my consciences’’ says Adwoa. Whilst some patients feel stigmatized by health workers and the society, others undergo self-stigmatization. This group of people (self-stigmatized) feels ashamed and embarrassed about the disease and in a bid to shy away from it tries to mask their face with sunglasses and large hats when they come for healthcare or even dissociate themselves from their families. According to UNAIDS, the Joint United Nations Team on AIDS (Joint Team) in 2016 supported Ghana in achieving the 90-90-90 targets and championed the passing of the Ghana AIDS Commission Act of 2015 (GAC Act) by the National Assembly on 18 October 2016. Amongst the provisions made by the Act is provision for anti-stigma and discrimination as well as the protection of the rights of PLHIV. How much of this have been flouted so far? Have there been penalties for those (including health care providers) who discriminate against HIV patients who seek for healthcare? Are the HIV patients who are duly represented by this Act of law fully aware of their rights? These are thought-provoking questions to ponder upon. In a study conducted to assess the perceptions of Ghanaian Pharmacists towards people living with HIV/AIDS, only 17% of pharmacists had acceptable attitudes towards them. Pharm Elaine Adovi Awumee of the Korlebu Teaching Hospital (KBTH) said Ghana is nowhere near the anti-stigmatization campaign. She acknowledged that, although formerly, Ghana was doing well due to the public education and campaign, she is of the view that the country is back to its initial position were stigmatization against HIV/AIDS patients is still a battle to be won. “The stigmatization is obvious that even colleagues who I worked with during my first job position think I have been infected because I helped and counsel HIV/AIDS patient.” She added. Pharm Awumee iterated that, to help stop or reduce the stigmatization, the country should revisit its public stigmatization education. Speaking to an anti-retroviral drug dispenser at the Pharmacy unit of KBTH, Madam Sabina said, ‘’I have been dispensing this drug for the past 6 years and among the health practitioners I have come to work with, we do not stigmatize against HIV patients, and as a way of making them feel loved, we take their gifts when they offer them’’. She however admitted that patients do think otherwise of them as a patient once confessed, ‘’I thought if I give you a gift you will not take it because of my condition”. She will then exclaim and repeat to the patients that she is equally a human being and his condition is just like any other infection. Life should not end after testing positive for HIV but rather deliberate efforts should be made towards improving the life of all PLHIV in the country as the President for PLHIV, Emmanuel Beluzebr Suukure rightly said. Let’s join the fight against stigmatization. Let’s advocate for a more effective policy and offenders should not be allowed to go scot free. Efforts should be intensified to build capacity of religious and traditional leaders as well as healthcare givers for community mobilization and advocacy against all forms of social exclusion as well as strengthening solidarity among PLHIV for collective action. Disclaimer: Whiles every attempt has been made to verify the information provided in this report story, any reference to any person, organization or business whether living or dead is purely coincidental. In as much as the account of the patients use in this story is real and accurate, the names given to the patients are not their real given names but for reference only. Authors: Mary Nafaye, Dr. P.Edem. Nukunu, […]
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THE POOR HAND WRITING OF MEDICAL DOCTORS/PHYSICIAN: A THREAT TO HUMAN LIFE
It has been a common notion that most of the doctors have dreadful, illegible handwriting. Physician’s illegible hand writing is not associated to one particular region (Ghana) or country but it is world wide or global phenomenon and has been one of the most important contributing factors to the medical errors. Paulina Duodowa (a senior nurse, at the Korle bu teaching hospital) said ‘’ it’s a major problem perhaps not to us the nursesm but it’s a danger to patients as we found it difficult to make meaning out of the prescription. A medication error is a failure in the treatment process that leads to, or has the potential to lead to, harm to the patient. A prescription error as a result of poor or illegible handwriting has been noted to be one of the major causes of medication errors. The significant of this problem are far reaching and they affect the safety and quality of the health care system. It can harm patients, lead to poor performance of nurses and the support staff, administration of incorrect drugs and doses, improper treatment schedules, and probably the legal perspective. The most interesting aspect of this was the number of people affected by it. The report – ‘To Err is Human’ – by the Institute of Medicine (IoM) states that, medical errors cause at least an estimated 44,000 preventable deaths annually in the United States of America alone.1 Anecdotal evidence and personal experience lead me to believe that the situation in Ghana is far worse. Medical officers, irrespective of the type of practice, specialty, and country of origin seem to be having this trouble. However, male doctors seem to exhibit the practice of illegible and far worse handwriting than their female counterparts 2, 3 and the senior doctor’s handwritings are more illegible than their junior colleagues and students5. Illegible handwriting causes loss of information and prevents better care for patients. A patient attest to this and said, ‘’I can hardly make meaning in the prescription given me to buy and when I got to the pharmacy, the pharmacist asked me to go back to the doctor for a new order because he too cannot see the writings clearly’’. As a biomedical scientist, I interviewed a number of patients and the conclusion drawn was “A doctor’s handwriting can mean the difference between life and death for patients”. As Mahatma Gandhi said, ‘good handwriting is an asset’4. From the patient’s perspective, illegible handwriting can delay treatment and lead to unnecessary tests and inappropriate doses which, in turn, can result in discomfort and death13. Illegible handwriting in medical records can have adverse medico-legal implications. Stephens notes that ‘few admissions look more damaging in testimony than physicians admitting they cannot read their own handwriting. Sloppy handwriting can be interpreted by the jury as sloppy care’.7 In a study conducted in Nigeria (“Prescription writing in public and private hospitals in Benin City, Nigeria: The effects of an educational intervention”) to determine how far prescriptions meet accepted standards, 1,197 prescriptions were collected retrospectively from 40 doctors (public and private hospitals). Only 20% of prescriptions were clearly legible.Through face-to-face education with impact evaluation 4 to 6 weeks. Impact evaluation result however proved that handwriting worsened!. Most prescription were illegible ; (80%), which is an obvious threat to quality drug dispensary and just mere educational reforms could not rectify it! A similar study involving a total of 31 medical doctors in Nigeria found illegibility as part of errors comprising 1,388 (52.18%) and omissions 1,221(45.90%). According to Pharmacy Times, errors occur at a rate of 4 per day in a pharmacy filling 250 prescriptions daily, which amounts to an estimated 51.5 million errors out of 3 billion prescriptions filled annually nationwide. The Institute of Medicine (IOM ) again noted that errors involving prescription medications kill up to 7,000 Americans a year attributable to sloughy handwriting, and that the financial costs of drug-related morbidity and mortality may run nearly $77 billion a year1. Now, take some time to digest this information and you will realize the urgent need for us to root out handwritten prescriptions! “Sometimes patient roam pharmacies for long periods with their drug prescription form because most times the handwriting cannot be made out. So I tell them to go back to the Dr. who made the request to rewrite the drug” said Pharm Appiah, a community pharmacist The issue of illegible handwritings is becoming a serious matter as most pharmacists and, dispensers struggle to make out what drug prescriber write. Some in an attempt to help the patient end up second guessing illegible prescriptions and dispense wrong drugs and dosages. “I have witnessed some situations which have resulted in near fatality and have also heard of some mortality occurring as a result and so I strongly advocate for e-prescriptions” said Pharm Ackah another community pharmacist. In 1999, an American cardiologist caused the death of a 42-year-old patient when his prescription of 20 mg Isordil, an antianginal drug, was misread by the pharmacist as 20 mg Plendil, an antihypertensive drug.5 Poor handwriting undoubtedly contributes to another inconvenient truth: the high incidence of medical errors in Britain, which is estimated to cause the deaths of up to 30 000 people each year.6 The misconceptions and common public opinions,8, 9 is that doctors do scribble as they are not sure about the exact spelling of the medicines and leave it to the pharmacists/nurses decide. However, if this is true, the illegible handwriting should have been selective and should not have been for all the drugs or words. Others says, doctors are trying to keep the secrecy of the contents of their prescriptions. However, these days, open labelling of the names of the dispensed medicine make this explanation improbable whiles some session of the public thinks doctors have written so much during their college days that the handwriting has deteriorated. Meanwhile some of the Scientific explanations or hypothesis is that: […]
Read moreTHE BURDEN OF ENDEMIC INFECTION – THE MALARIA VACCINE IMPLEMENTAION-(MOSQUIRIX)
Recent variations in population density, mobility, and social constructs, along with alterations in the global climate, ecological circumstances, and the closeness (proximity) of humans to animal reservoirs for previously confined infectious agents, the concept of new infectious agents emerging in human populations and spreading rapidly around the world is no longer new or novel. In confronting newly emerging diseases, vaccines maybe looked to as the most promising perspective of defence. The development of vaccines today faces a number of significant challenges although significant improvement has also be seen among scientist since the publication of Edward Jeanner in 1879. There exist tremendous public health needs to address major well-known pandemic diseases, including acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), and tuberculosis for which maybe a budrden and for which natural immunity does not provide a helpful guide for vaccine development. Only until 2018 there exist Malaria vaccine after such a long efforts. Furthermore, there exists a need to confront effectively newly emerging and re-emerging diseases, ranging from the well-known, but constantly changing, threats from influenza pandemics to the appearance of Malaria and zoonotic infections such as the coronavirus that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak especially in the Asia pacific.. In this regards, our focus will explore malaria and its current vaccine RTS,S/AS01 or Mosquirix. Effective and safe vaccine against malaria has since a long time posses as a real challenges for it development. Although persistent efforts have been tried to find various vaccines for the disease. Hence numerous vaccines are available on trial but among them that seems to prove effective is the current RTS,S/AS01 vaccine also known as mosquirix. HOW DO VACCINES WORK? When inactivated or weakened disease-causing microorganisms enter the body, they initiate an immune response. This response imitate or mimics the body’s natural response to infection. But unlike disease-causing organisms, vaccines are made of components that have limited ability, or are completely unable, to cause disease. When vaccines enter the body, the immune system of the human body is triggered or promoted to identify such weakened disease causing organism as a foreign body (antigen). The components of the disease-causing organisms or the vaccine components that trigger the immune response are known as “antigens”. These antigens trigger the production of “antibodies” by the immune system In otherwise, the body then produces antibodies (which are disease fighting substances) to attack the weakened the disease causing microorganism (called the vaccine). This triggered immune action is registered and form a memory in our body, the next time the real disease causing organism enter the body this time round which is capable to causing diseases, base on the memory of the previous weakened microorganism (prototype of the real) called the vaccine, such real disease causing microorganism is identify quickly and the body’s system fight and eliminate the infection before it can cause harm to the Body hence protecting the individual. However, In very young children, the immune system is immature and less capable of developing memory. In this age group, duration of protection can be very short-lived for polysaccharide antigens. THE MALARIA VACCINE Today the term ‘vaccine’ applies to all biological preparations, produced from living organisms, that enhance protection (immunity) against disease and either prevent (prophylactic vaccines) or, in some cases, treat disease (therapeutic vaccines). In other wise, vaccines act as soldiers to help fight or provide protection against diseases. Vaccines are administered in liquid form, either by injection, by oral, or by intranasal routes. Malaria is caused by Plasmodium falciparum parasite found in female anopheles mosquito. A Malaria Vaccine Technology Roadmap (MVRM), developed by more than 230 experts representing 100 organizations from 35 countries, has set out a strategic goal to develop a malaria vaccine by 2025 that would have a protective efficacy of more than 80% against clinical disease and would provide protection for more than 4 years. The MVTRM asserted to seeks to develop and license a first generation malaria vaccine by 2015 that has a protective efficacy of more than 50% against severe disease and death, and lasts for at least 1 year. It is against this backdrop that the current malaria vaccine was approved for use by WHO in three selected Africa countries (Ghana, Tanzania and Malawi) due to the endemic nature of the disease burden in these areas for which previous clinical trials were conducted. It’s prudent to mentioned that, although pneumonia and severe diarrhoeal disease remain two major causes of child mortality worldwide according the World Health Organization (WHO), Malaria has caused many death which includes maternal death and infant mortality (children under five years) in the tropics especially in sub sahara Africa. However, could the vaccine Mosquirix meet the Malaria Vaccine Technology Roadmap promises and projection?. ASCERTAINING EFFICACY Vaccine efficacy is elaborated by the WHO to refer to measures direct protection (i.e. protection induced by vaccination in the vaccinated population sample). In otherwise, vaccine efficacy may be defined as a measure of the proportionate reduction in disease attack rate between a control group that is vaccinated against the infectious disease under study and the group vaccinated with the candidate vaccine (those who do not have the disease). It explains the number of people the particular vaccine under consideration may protect if an X number of people have or is exposed to a disease condition. Usually, efficacy is measured in percentage. For example; if a vaccine is labelled at an efficacy rate of 30%, to put this in perspective, it means that when you take 10 people who are to be infected with Malaria, the particular vaccine is capable of protecting 3 individuals among the 10 cases/individuals. Vaccine efficacy varies according to the type of vaccine and the manner in which the vaccine antigen (protein/enzyme) is processed by the immune system. Vaccine efficacy may also vary between different populations. However, to be generally acceptable, the efficacy of licensed vaccines ranges from above 70% to almost 100% (See Figure 1). In other words, vaccines could be expected to reduce the attack rates in the vaccinated population by 70-100% compared to the attack rates in the unvaccinated population. In the case of Mosquirix, efficacy was pointed out by […]
Read moreRecruitment of Medical and Dental Officers to start on 7th August, 2021
The Ministry of Health through a press release signed by the Chief director, Mr. Kwabena Boadu Oku-Afari on behalf of the minister announced its intention […]
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